The best way to learn to spot a conspiracy theory is to make one yourself.
Pick a real news story. On the next step you'll choose who's behind it and why. Then walk through the four moves real conspiracists use, with a debunk on every step.
Choose whichever real-feeling headline your imagination will run wildest with. Don't overthink it.

Researchers report that reef-dwelling hogfish have light-sensitive cells embedded in their skin, allowing the animals to sense brightness and adjust their colour without relying solely on eyes. The study, published in Nature, shows this skin-based photoreception can continue to influence colour change even after death. Hogfish live in Atlantic reefs and can shift hues in milliseconds. Those rapid changes aid camouflage, social signalling and may help with temperature regulation and attracting mates.

New YouGov research across Western Europe and the United States finds a gap between people’s agreement with gender-equality principles and their willingness to call themselves 'feminists.' Respondents were randomly assigned one of three question formats: the word 'feminist' alone, a definition of feminist principles, or both. When asked the word alone, only 15–48% claimed the label; when given the definition, 74–91% endorsed equal rights, while the combined definition+word question produced 45–77% support.

Spain's annual Tomatina festival draws thousands each year to the town of Buñol, where participants playfully pelt one another with overripe tomatoes. This year about 15,000 people, many tourists, threw roughly 120 tonnes of fruit, turning streets and buildings into red pulp. The event lasts about an hour, and people commonly wear goggles and old clothes; there is a small participation fee of about €12 to help manage the crowd.

China’s state-run Global Times published an editorial urging the British Museum to return Chinese artifacts just ahead of a visit by UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly. The piece accused the museum of holding items acquired through improper channels and called some pieces “stolen.” The British Museum’s collection includes more than 23,000 Chinese objects, and the editorial named examples such as the painting The Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies and Liao tri-coloured luohan statues.